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LL-37   Click here for help

GtoPdb Ligand ID: 5527

Synonyms: antibacterial protein LL-37 | cathelicidin LL 37 (human)
Immunopharmacology Ligand
Compound class: Endogenous peptide in human, mouse or rat
Comment: A member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. Induces FPRL-1-mediated chemotaxis of human neutrophils. The mouse orthologue of LL-37 is CRAMP.
LL-37 disrupts bacterial biofilms [8] and progressed to clinical evaluation as a topical treatment for polymicrobial infected wounds.
Species: Human
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Ligand Activity Visualisation Charts

These are box plot that provide a unique visualisation, summarising all the activity data for a ligand taken from ChEMBL and GtoPdb across multiple targets and species. Click on a plot to see the median, interquartile range, low and high data points. A value of zero indicates that no data are available. A separate chart is created for each target, and where possible the algorithm tries to merge ChEMBL and GtoPdb targets by matching them on name and UniProt accession, for each available species. However, please note that inconsistency in naming of targets may lead to data for the same target being reported across multiple charts.

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View interactive charts of activity data across species

LL-37 is commercially available from our sponsors

2D Structure
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2D Structure

An image of the ligand's 2D structure. For small molecules with SMILES these are drawn using the NCI/CADD Chemical Identifier Resolver. Click on the image to access the chemical structure search tool with the ligand pre-loaded in the structure editor. For other types of ligands, e.g. longer nucleotides and peptides, a manually drawn representation of the molecule may be provided.

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SMILES / InChI / InChIKey
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SMILES / InChI / InChIKey

SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) A specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. Canonical SMILES specify a unique representation of the 2D structure without chiral or isotopic specifications. Isomeric SMILES include chiral specification and isotopes.

Standard InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier) and InChIKey InChI is a non-proprietary, standard, textual identifier for chemical substances designed to facilitate linking of information and database searching. An InChIKey is a simplified version of a full InChI, designed for easier web searching.

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)

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Canonical SMILES NCCCCC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)O)CO)CCC(=O)O)C(O)C)CCCN=C(N)N)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC(=O)N)CCCN=C(N)N)CC(C)C)Cc1ccccc1)CC(=O)O)CCCCN)C(CC)C)CCCN=C(N)N)CCC(=O)N)C(C)C)C(CC)C)CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(C(CC)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)N)CC(C)C)CC(=O)O)Cc1ccccc1)Cc1ccccc1)CCCN=C(N)N)CCCCN)CO)CCCCN)CCC(=O)O)CCCCN)CCCCN)CCC(=O)O)Cc1ccccc1
Isomeric SMILES NCCCC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O)CO)CCC(=O)O)[C@H](O)C)CCCN=C(N)N)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC(=O)N)CCCN=C(N)N)CC(C)C)Cc1ccccc1)CC(=O)O)CCCCN)[C@H](CC)C)CCCN=C(N)N)CCC(=O)N)C(C)C)[C@H](CC)C)CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](CC)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N)CC(C)C)CC(=O)O)Cc1ccccc1)Cc1ccccc1)CCCN=C(N)N)CCCCN)CO)CCCCN)CCC(=O)O)CCCCN)CCCCN)CCC(=O)O)Cc1ccccc1
InChI InChI=1S/C205H340N60O53/c1-20-114(16)162(261-179(296)128(66-40-46-86-211)235-176(293)135(74-78-155(273)274)243-170(287)125(63-37-43-83-208)241-192(309)148(106-266)257-174(291)126(64-38-44-84-209)234-171(288)129(67-47-87-225-201(215)216)240-185(302)142(98-119-55-29-24-30-56-119)252-187(304)144(100-121-59-33-26-34-60-121)253-189(306)146(102-158(279)280)233-154(272)104-230-167(284)138(94-109(6)7)248-166(283)122(212)93-108(4)5)194(311)231-105-153(271)232-123(61-35-41-81-206)168(285)242-136(75-79-156(275)276)177(294)251-141(97-118-53-27-23-28-54-118)184(301)238-124(62-36-42-82-207)169(286)236-131(69-49-89-227-203(219)220)181(298)263-164(116(18)22-3)197(314)259-160(112(12)13)195(312)246-134(73-77-151(213)269)175(292)237-132(70-50-90-228-204(221)222)180(297)262-163(115(17)21-2)196(313)245-127(65-39-45-85-210)172(289)256-147(103-159(281)282)190(307)254-143(99-120-57-31-25-32-58-120)186(303)249-139(95-110(8)9)183(300)239-130(68-48-88-226-202(217)218)173(290)255-145(101-152(214)270)188(305)250-140(96-111(10)11)191(308)260-161(113(14)15)199(316)265-92-52-72-150(265)193(310)244-133(71-51-91-229-205(223)224)182(299)264-165(117(19)268)198(315)247-137(76-80-157(277)278)178(295)258-149(107-267)200(317)318/h23-34,53-60,108-117,122-150,160-165,266-268H,20-22,35-52,61-107,206-212H2,1-19H3,(H2,213,269)(H2,214,270)(H,230,284)(H,231,311)(H,232,271)(H,233,272)(H,234,288)(H,235,293)(H,236,286)(H,237,292)(H,238,301)(H,239,300)(H,240,302)(H,241,309)(H,242,285)(H,243,287)(H,244,310)(H,245,313)(H,246,312)(H,247,315)(H,248,283)(H,249,303)(H,250,305)(H,251,294)(H,252,304)(H,253,306)(H,254,307)(H,255,290)(H,256,289)(H,257,291)(H,258,295)(H,259,314)(H,260,308)(H,261,296)(H,262,297)(H,263,298)(H,264,299)(H,273,274)(H,275,276)(H,277,278)(H,279,280)(H,281,282)(H,317,318)(H4,215,216,225)(H4,217,218,226)(H4,219,220,227)(H4,221,222,228)(H4,223,224,229)/t114-,115-,116-,117+,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127-,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,138-,139-,140-,141-,142-,143-,144-,145-,146-,147-,148-,149-,150-,160-,161-,162-,163-,164-,165-/m0/s1
InChI Key POIUWJQBRNEFGX-XAMSXPGMSA-N

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)
References
1. Clish CB, O'Brien JA, Gronert K, Stahl GL, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. (1999)
Local and systemic delivery of a stable aspirin-triggered lipoxin prevents neutrophil recruitment in vivo.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96 (14): 8247-52. [PMID:10393980]
2. De Yang, Chen Q, Schmidt AP, Anderson GM, Wang JM, Wooters J, Oppenheim JJ, Chertov O. (2000)
LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells.
J Exp Med, 192 (7): 1069-74. [PMID:11015447]
3. Fiore S, Maddox JF, Perez HD, Serhan CN. (1994)
Identification of a human cDNA encoding a functional high affinity lipoxin A4 receptor.
J Exp Med, 180 (1): 253-60. [PMID:8006586]
4. Fiore S, Serhan CN. (1995)
Lipoxin A4 receptor activation is distinct from that of the formyl peptide receptor in myeloid cells: inhibition of CD11/18 expression by lipoxin A4-lipoxin A4 receptor interaction.
Biochemistry, 34 (51): 16678-86. [PMID:8527441]
5. Gabl M, Sundqvist M, Holdfeldt A, Lind S, Mårtensson J, Christenson K, Marutani T, Dahlgren C, Mukai H, Forsman H. (2018)
Mitocryptides from Human Mitochondrial DNA-Encoded Proteins Activate Neutrophil Formyl Peptide Receptors: Receptor Preference and Signaling Properties.
J Immunol, 200 (9): 3269-3282. [PMID:29602776]
6. Gronert K, Martinsson-Niskanen T, Ravasi S, Chiang N, Serhan CN. (2001)
Selectivity of recombinant human leukotriene D(4), leukotriene B(4), and lipoxin A(4) receptors with aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA(4) and regulation of vascular and inflammatory responses.
Am J Pathol, 158 (1): 3-9. [PMID:11141472]
7. Lin H, Ma C, Cai K, Guo L, Wang X, Lv L, Zhang C, Lin J, Zhang D, Ye C et al.. (2025)
Metabolic signaling of ceramides through the FPR2 receptor inhibits adipocyte thermogenesis.
Science, 388 (6746): eado4188. [PMID:40080544]
8. Overhage J, Campisano A, Bains M, Torfs EC, Rehm BH, Hancock RE. (2008)
Human host defense peptide LL-37 prevents bacterial biofilm formation.
Infect Immun, 76 (9): 4176-82. [PMID:18591225]
9. Su SB, Gong W, Gao JL, Shen W, Murphy PM, Oppenheim JJ, Wang JM. (1999)
A seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor, FPRL1, mediates the chemotactic activity of serum amyloid A for human phagocytic cells.
J Exp Med, 189 (2): 395-402. [PMID:9892621]
10. Takano T, Fiore S, Maddox JF, Brady HR, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. (1997)
Aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and LXA4 stable analogues are potent inhibitors of acute inflammation: evidence for anti-inflammatory receptors.
J Exp Med, 185 (9): 1693-704. [PMID:9151906]
11. Tomasinsig L, Pizzirani C, Skerlavaj B, Pellegatti P, Gulinelli S, Tossi A, Di Virgilio F, Zanetti M. (2008)
The human cathelicidin LL-37 modulates the activities of the P2X7 receptor in a structure-dependent manner.
J Biol Chem, 283 (45): 30471-81. [PMID:18765670]